고1 능률 영어 양현권 8과 본문 From Woodpeckers to Safety Helmets

고등학교 1학년 영어 교과서 능률 출판사 양현권 8과 본문 문장별 음원자료입니다. 텍스트 파일은 페이지 하단에서 다운받으실 수 있습니다. 

Lesson 8 From Woodpeckers to Safety Helmets

 

Franz Kafka is best known as one of the most important writers of the 20th century. 

 

His novels such as The Castle and The Trial have been widely read for decades. 

 

However, some people also credit him as a pioneer in helmet design. 

 

As a young man, Kafka worked at an insurance company.

 

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Part of his job involved learning about the injuries suffered by people working at dangerous jobs. 

 

Sometime between 1910 and 1912, he is believed to have invented the hard hat, a light helmet designed to protect against falling objects in factories. 

 

As time passed, numerous innovations were made, making today’s helmets much safer and stronger than Kafka’s original design.

 

They are built to survive massive impacts while remaining light enough for wearers to play sports or do their jobs. 

 

Another innovation is that while old-style helmets were heavy and bulky, causing neck pain, today’s helmets are lighter and more comfortable for the wearer. 

 

This is important because people are much more likely to wear helmets if they are comfortable.

 

Despite all these innovations, helmets are still far from perfect. 

 

Sports players as well as workers at construction sites, factories, and other dangerous work environments frequently experience brain injuries due to the force and frequency of blows to the head. 

 

Doctors believe that repeated blows to the brain can cause a variety of physical and mental problems later in life. 

 

This is why some scientists believe it is so important to study woodpeckers.

 

They hammer their beaks into trees at speeds of over 20 kilometers per hour. 

 

They can peck about 20 times per second. 

 

 

On average, they knock their heads against hard surfaces about 12,000 times every day. 

 

Each one of those impacts is about 100 times as powerful as a hit that would cause serious brain injury to a human. 

 

Yet somehow, woodpeckers never suffer any physical or mental damage. Why not? 

 

This was the very question that interested two Korean scientists, Sang-Hee Yoon and Sungmin Park: 

 

How do woodpeckers manage to avoid hurting themselves as they pound away at hard surfaces? 

 

The scientists studied woodpeckers closely, and learned that the birds have spongy bones in the frontal part of their skulls.

 

Woodpeckers also have beaks that are hard yet flexible. 

 

They also noticed that there is very little space for a woodpecker’s brain to move around inside its skull. 

 

The scientists concluded that the flexibility of the various parts of a woodpecker’s head helps to absorb shocks, which softens the blow of impacts.

 

The researchers decided to build a mechanical device that would imitate the functions of a woodpecker’s spongy bone and flexible beak. 

 

 

Their goal was to improve black boxes, the devices on airplanes that keep detailed records of each flight. 

 

Black boxes are used to find out the causes of airplane crashes, so they must be able to endure the impact of falling from the sky.

 

The researchers placed the black box’s recording device inside an aluminum container tightly packed with tiny pieces of glass. 

 

This was done to reproduce the effect of the spongy bone in a woodpecker’s skull. 

 

They also covered the container with a layer of rubber to absorb shocks and then covered the whole thing with a layer of steel. 

 

The project was a great success: The new black box was 60 times more protective than older types.

 

From the positive and exciting results of the black box project came another realization: 

 

If woodpecker-inspired technology worked so well to protect black boxes, it would probably also work well in the improvement of helmet design. 

 

Two Chinese scientists, Yubo Fan and Ming Zhang, decided to look into this more closely, and created computer models of the birds’ heads.

 

They also filmed the woodpeckers so they could watch them pecking in super slow motion. 

 

They came to many of the same conclusions as Yoon and Park, but they also noticed the importance of the shape of a woodpecker’s beak. 

 

The top part of the beak is longer than the bottom half. 

 

 

When it hammers into a tree, it bends down and back, absorbing some of the impact.

 

The researchers believe that these discoveries could be very useful in developing new helmets. 

 

In fact, several helmet manufacturers are already searching hard for ways to make ‘a woodpecker helmet,’ whose modern origin dates back to Franz Kafka.

 

 

 

고1 능률 양현권 8과 본문 텍스트 파일 다운로드

Lesson 8 From Woodpeckers to Safety Helmets.pdf

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